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ENGLISH TENSE
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UNIVERSITAS NUSANTARA PGRI KEDIRI
SISTEM INFORMASI
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NAMA : ULFATUL HUSNI’AH
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KELAS : 1-G
NIM :
12.1.03.03.0151
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6/25/2013
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1.
simple present tense
*Definition
Simple meaning is simple, while the present is
now. So to say that the Simple Present is in a simple form. Present is another
name than FORM 1. It is called "simple" because
its basic form consists of a single word (like write or writes).
*Structure
and Form of Simple Present Tense
Forming
a sentence in the Present Simple is easy. To form a declarative sentence, all
you need is the subject of the sentence (e.g. I, you, he, a dog) and the verb
(e.g. be, talk, swim). Questions and negative sentences are only a little more
difficult, because they require an auxiliary verb.
§
verbal sentence
Verbal sentence is a sentence that has predicate a verb.
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Types of Sentences
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Formula
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Example
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positive
(+) |
S + V1 (+s/es) + O/Adj
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I Like Coffe.
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He Likes Coffee.
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negative
(-) |
S + Do/Does + Not + V1 + O/Adj
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I Do Not Like Coffee.
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He Does Not Like Coffee.
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interrogative
(?) |
Do/Does + S + V1 +
O/Adj ?
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Do You Like Coffee?
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Does He Like Coffee?
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·
Function of V1 is to express an event/activity happen
now.
·
note
1. Verb
ending in x, s, ch, sh, dan o will get additional –es if the subject is 3rd
person singular.
Example :
- I pass the exam - She passes
the exam
2. Verb
ending in y preceted by a consonant, then y is replaced by i and then added
–es.
Example
: - I study english - He studies english
3. Verb
ending in y preceded by a fowel, it is directly coupled with the –s, if the
subject is 3rd person singular.
Example
: - You buy a car - He buys a car
4. Beside
provision of the above , generally will get the additional –s, , if the subject
is 3rd person singular.
Example
: - You sing a song - She
sings a song
§ Non Verbal sentence (
Nominal Sentence )
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Types of Sentences
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Formula
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Example
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positive
(+) |
S + To Be + Adj/Adverb
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I am handsome
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She is beautiful
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negative
(-) |
S + To Be + Not + Adj/Adverb
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I am not handsome
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She is not beautiful
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interrogative
(?) |
To Be + S + Adj/Adverb
?
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Am I handsome?
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Is She beautiful?
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Nominal
sentence is a sentence that has predicate not a
verb, but can be an adjective,noun,or adverb.
*Function
Complete List of
Simple Present Forms
v USE
1 Repeated Actions
Use the Simple
Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can
be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often
happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not
do.
Examples:
• I play tennis.
• She does not play tennis.
• Does he play tennis?
• The train leaves every morning at 8
AM.
• The train does not leave at 9 AM.
• When does the train usually leave?
• She always forgets her purse.
• He never forgets his wallet.
v USE
2 Facts or Generalizations
The Simple
Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is
true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker is
correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people or
things.
Examples:
• Cats like milk.
• Birds do not like milk.
• Do pigs like milk?
• California is in America.
• California is not in the United
Kingdom.
• Windows are made of glass.
• Windows are not made of wood.
• New York is a small city. It is not
important that this fact is untrue.
v USE
3 Scheduled Events in the Near Future
Speakers
occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in the near
future. This is most commonly done when talking about public transportation,
but it can be used with other scheduled events as well.
Examples:
• The train leaves tonight at 6 PM.
• The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it
arrives at 11 PM.
• When do we board the plane?
• The party starts at 8 o'clock.
• When does class begin tomorrow?
v USE
4 Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)
Speakers
sometimes use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is
happening or is not happening now. This can only be done with Non-Continuous
Verbs and certain Mixed Verbs.
Examples:
• I am here now.
• She is not here now.
• He needs help right now.
• He does not need help now.
• He has his passport in his hand.
• Do you have your passport with you?
* Time
signal Simple Present
Time signal
is used to determine the tenses in a sentence.
·
Every day
·
Every week
·
Every month
·
On Sunday
·
Sometimes
·
Often
·
Usually
·
Always
·
Once
·
Twice
·
Three time
·
Etc
2. present
continuous tense
*Definition
Present is now,
than continuous is kontinu(melangsung) so present perfect continuous tense is event that are happening or a
continued in the present.
*FORM
§
Verbal Sentence
verbal
sentence is a sentence that has predicate a verb
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Types of Sentences
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Formula
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Example
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positive
(+) |
S + To Be(is,am,are) +
Ving+ O
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She is reading a book.
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I am eating a banana
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negative
(-) |
S + To Be (is,am,are)+
Not + Ving+ O
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She is Not Reading a
Book
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I am not eating a
banana
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interrogative
(?) |
To Be (is am,are)+ S +
Ving+ O ?
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Is She reading a book?
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am I eating banana?
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Function
of Ving is Verb ing is on going proces.
§ Non Verbal Sentence (
Nominal Sentence )
Nominal sentence is a
sentence that has predicate not a verb, but can be an adjective,noun,or adverb
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Types of Sentences
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Formula
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Example
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positive
(+) |
S + To Be + Being +
Adj/adv
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She is being angry
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I am being hungry
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negative
(-) |
S + To Be + Being + Not + Adj/Adverb
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She is not being angry
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I am not being hungry
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interrogative
(?) |
To Be + S + Being +
Adj/Adverb
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Is She being angry?
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Am I beaing hungry?
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*Function
Complete List of
Present Continuous Forms
v USE
1 Now
Use the Present
Continuous with Normal Verbs to express the idea that something is happening now,
at this very moment. It can also be used to show that something is not
happening now.
Examples:
• You are learning English now.
• You are not swimming now.
• Are you sleeping?
• I am sitting.
• I am not standing.
• Is he sitting or standing?
• They are reading their books.
• They are not watching television.
• What are you doing?
• Why aren't you doing your homework?
v USE
2 Longer Actions in Progress Now
In English,
"now" can mean: this second, today, this month, this year, this
century, and so on. Sometimes, we use the Present Continuous to say that we are
in the process of doing a longer action which is in progress; however, we might
not be doing it at this exact second.
Examples: (All
of these sentences can be said while eating dinner in a restaurant.)
• I am studying to become a doctor.
• I am not studying to become a
dentist.
• I am reading the book Tom Sawyer.
• I am not reading any books right now.
• Are you working on any special
projects at work?
v USE
3 Near Future
Sometimes,
speakers use the Present Continuous to indicate that something will or will not
happen in the near future.
Examples:
• I am meeting some friends after work.
• I am not going to the party tonight.
• Is he visiting his parents next
weekend?
• Isn't he coming with us tonight?
v USE
4 Repetition and Irritation with "Always"
The Present
Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly"
expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happens. Notice
that the meaning is like Simple Present, but with negative emotion. Remember to
put the words "always" or "constantly" between
"be" and "verb+ing."
Examples:
• She is always coming to class late.
• He is constantly talking. I wish he
would shut up.
• I don't like them because they are
always complaining.
* REMEMBER
Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs
It is important
to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses.
Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in
continuous tenses. Instead of using Present Continuous with these verbs, you
must use Simple Present.
Examples:
• She is loving this chocolate ice
cream. Not Correct
• She loves this chocolate ice cream.
Correct
* Time signal Present Continous
Time signal
is a used to determine the tenses in a sentence.
·
Now
·
At moment
·
At present
·
This moment
·
Today
·
Right now
3. Present
perfect tense
*Definition
present is now. And than perfect is completed.
So present perfect is activity or situation that have been done perfectly but
the result can still be felt to this day.
* Structure and Form of
Present Perfect Tense
Present perfect tense is
formed with the auxiliary verb "have" or "has", and the
past participle (verb-3). Have used for I, you, they, we, while has to he, she,
it, and the third person singular. While past participle can be either
irregular or regular verb. Thus the formula for the present perfect tense
sentences positive, negative, and interrogative is as follows.
These
forms of present
perfect tense formula for positive
words, negative, and interrogative:
§ Verbal Sentence
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Types of Sentences
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Formula
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Example
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positive
(+) |
S + have/has + V-3+adj/adverb
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You have received my
letter
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She has written a poem
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negative
(-) |
S + have/has + Not + V3 + Adj/Adverb
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You have not received my letter
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She hasn’t written a poem
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interrogative
(?) |
Have/has + S + V3 +adj/Adverb
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Have you received my letter ?
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has she written a poem ?
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Function V3 IS to express an
event or activity already done.
§ Nominal sentence
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Types of Sentences
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Formula
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Example
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positive
(+) |
S + Have/Has +been +3C
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They have been lucky
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negative
(-) |
S + Have/Has +not +
been +3C
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They have not been
lucky
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interrogative
(?) |
Have/Has +S + been +3C
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Have they been lucky?
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NOTES :
•
I
• YOU
• THEY
have
• WE
• JAMAK
(ex. Ana & Ani)
• SHE
• HE Has
• IT
• TUNGGAL
( ex. Ana)
*Function
Complete List of Present Perfect Forms
v USE
1 Unspecified Time Before Now
We
use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time
before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect
with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week,
when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day,
etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever,
never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.
Examples:
• I have seen that movie twenty times.
• I think I have met him once before.
• There have been many earthquakes in
California.
• People have traveled to the Moon.
• People have not traveled to Mars.
• Have you read the book yet?
• Nobody has ever climbed that
mountain.
• A: Has there ever been a war in the
United States?
B: Yes, there has been a war in
the United States.
How
Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?
The
concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English
learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:
TOPIC
1 Experience
You
can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying,
"I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that
you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to
describe a specific event.
Examples:
• I have been to France.
This
sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you
have been there once, or several times.
• I have been to France three times.
You
can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.
• I have never been to France.
This
sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.
• I think I have seen that movie
before.
• He has never traveled by train.
• Joan has studied two foreign
languages.
• A: Have you ever met him?
B:
No, I have not met him.
TOPIC
2 Change Over Time
We
often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a
period of time.
Examples:
• You have grown since the last time I
saw you.
• The government has become more
interested in arts education.
• Japanese has become one of the most
popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was
established.
• My English has really improved since
I moved to Australia.
TOPIC
3 Accomplishments
We
often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and
humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.
Examples:
• Man has walked on the Moon.
• Our son has learned how to read.
• Doctors have cured many deadly
diseases.
• Scientists have split the atom.
TOPIC
4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting
We
often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not
happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the
action to happen.
Examples:
• James has not finished his homework
yet.
• Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but
she can communicate.
• Bill has still not arrived.
• The rain hasn't stopped.
TOPIC
5 Multiple Actions at Different Times
We
also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have
occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process
is not complete and more actions are possible.
Examples:
• The army has attacked that city five
times.
• I have had four quizzes and five
tests so far this semester.
• We have had many major problems while
working on this project.
• She has talked to several specialists
about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.
v Time
Expressions with Present Perfect
When
we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point
in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not
important.
Sometimes,
we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this
with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this
month, so far, up to now, etc.
Examples:
• Have you been to Mexico in the last
year?
• I have seen that movie six times in
the last month.
• They have had three tests in the last
week.
• She graduated from university less
than three years ago. She has worked for three different companies so far.
• My car has broken down three times
this week.
NOTICE
"Last
year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning.
"Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a
specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last year" means
from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it
requires Present Perfect.
Examples:
• I went to Mexico last year.
I
went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one.
• I have been to Mexico in the last
year.
I
have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now.
v USE
2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)
With
Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present
Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until
now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since
Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.
Examples:
• I have had a cold for two weeks.
• She has been in England for six
months.
• Mary has loved chocolate since she
was a little girl.
Although
the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs
and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live,"
"work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used
in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.
* Time
signal
Time signal is used to determinane the tenses in a sentence.
·
Just
now
·
Upto
now
·
Ever
·
Never
·
Already
·
Just
·
Not yet
4. Present Perfect Continuous tense
* Defination:
Present Perfect Continuous tense is an event
or activity that has been done in the past but until now still done orin the
process of finalizing perfectly.
*
Stucture and Form Present Perfect
Continuous Tense
Present
perfect tense continuous formed with the auxiliary verb have or has, been and
the present participle (v1-ing). Have used for I, you, they, we, while has to
he, she, it, and the third person singular. In general, the present perfect
continuous tense occurs only in the form of dynamic action verb, not stative
verb because generally only dynamic verbs have continuous. Thus the formula for
the present perfect tense sentences Continuos positive, negative, and interrogative
is as follows.
§
Form Verbal
Present
Perfect Continuous Tense:
Verbal sentence is a
sentence that has predicat a verb.
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+
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S +
have/has + been + V-ing + O
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-
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S +
have/has + not + been + V-ing + O
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?
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Have/has
+ been S + V-ing + O ?
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·
Example
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+
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I have
been swimming for 2 hours (saya telah sedang berenang selama 2 jam)
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-
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I have
not been swimming for 2 hours (Saya tidak sedang berenang selama 2 jam)
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?
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(?) Have I been swimming for 2 hours? (Apakah saya
telah sedang berenang selama 2 jam?)
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Function
been is same with a Verb3 but had terms, the condition is must be followed by
Verb ing.
§
Form Nominal Present Perfect Continous Tense:
Nominal sentence is a sentence that has predicate not a verb,but can
be an asjective,noun,or adverb.
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+
|
S + have/has + been + 3 complement
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-
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S + have/has + not + been + 3 complement
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?
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Have/has + S + been + 3 complement ?
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Nb: 3 complement (A N A, Adjective, Noun, Adverb)
·
Example :
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+
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She has been happy (Dia(pr) telah bahagia)
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-
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She has not been happy(Dia(pr) belum bahagia)
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?
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Has
She been happy? (Apakah dia(pr) telah bahagia?)
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* Function
Complete
List of Present Perfect Continuous Forms
v USE
1 Duration from the Past Until Now
We
use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and
has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two
weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used
with the Present Perfect Continuous.
Examples:
• They have been talking for the last
hour.
• She has been working at that company for
three years.
• What have you been doing for the last
30 minutes?
• James has been teaching at the
university since June.
• We have been waiting here for over
two hours!
• Why has Nancy not been taking her
medicine for the last three days?
v USE
2 Recently, Lately
You
can also use the Present Perfect Continuous WITHOUT a duration such as
"for two weeks." Without the duration, the tense has a more general
meaning of "lately." We often use the words "lately" or
"recently" to emphasize this meaning.
Examples:
• Recently, I have been feeling really
tired.
• She has been watching too much
television lately.
• Have you been exercising lately?
• Mary has been feeling a little
depressed.
• Lisa has not been practicing her
English.
*
Important
Remember
that the Present Perfect Continuous has the meaning of "lately" or
"recently." If you use the Present Perfect Continuous in a question
such as "Have you been feeling alright?", it can suggest that the
person looks sick or unhealthy. A question such as "Have you been
smoking?" can suggest that you smell the smoke on the person. Using this
tense in a question suggests you can see, smell, hear or feel the results of
the action. It is possible to insult someone by using this tense incorrectly.
*
Time Signal
Time signal Present Perfect
Continous Tense :
·
Recently
·
Lately
·
All morning
·
All day
·
Up to now
·
For..
·
Since..
* Adverb Placement
The examples below show the placement for grammar
adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
• You
have only been waiting here for one hour.
• Have
you only been waiting here for one hour?
5. SIMPLE PAST
* Definition
:
Simple past tense is a simple form of the verb to indicate
that an event happened in the past. In the simple past tense, future events
(yesterday, last two days, last year) or the period of time (for two months,
for a day, for an hour) can be specifically mentioned. The simple past tense
can also be used to form a conditional if type 2.
* Structure and Form of
Simple Past Tense
§
Form Verbal Simple Past Tense:
Verbal sentence is a
sentence that has predicat a verb.
|
+
|
S +
V2 + O
|
|
-
|
S +
Did + Not + V1 + O
|
|
?
|
Did
+ S + V1 + O ?
|
·
Example
|
+
|
My
mother went to Ancol yesterday. (ibuku pergi ke ancol kemarin)
|
|
-
|
My
mother didn’t go to Ancol
yesterday(ibuku tidak pergi ke ancol kemarin)
|
|
?
|
Did My mother go to Ancol yesterday ?(Apakah ibuku
pergi ke ancol kemarin)
|
Function of V2
is
to express an event or activity in the past. And function of V1 is to express an event or activity happen now.
§
Form Nominal Simple Past Tense:
Nominal sentence is a sentence that has predicate not a verb,but can
be an asjective,noun,or adverb.
|
+
|
S + to be (was/were) + 3 complement
|
|
-
|
S + to be (was/were) + Not + 3 complement
|
|
?
|
To be (was/ were) + S + 3 complement ?
|
Nb: 3 complement (A N A, Adjective, Noun, Adverb)
WAS
I
, HE ,SHE ,IT
WERE
YOU, WE ,THEY.
·
Example :
|
+
|
He was an artist
|
|
-
|
He wasn’t an artist
|
|
?
|
Was he
an artist ?
|
* Function
Use Of Simple Past Tense
:
USE 1 Completed Action in the Past
Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action
started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may
not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in
mind.
Examples:
·
I saw a movie yesterday.
·
I didn't see a play yesterday.
·
Last year, I traveled to Japan.
·
Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.
·
Did you have dinner last night?
v
USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions
We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed
actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.
Examples:
·
I finished work, walked to
the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
·
He arrived from the airport at
8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the
others at 10:00.
·
Did you add flour, pour in
the milk, and then add the eggs?
v
USE 3 Duration in Past
The Simple Past can be used with a duration which
starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by
expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.
Examples:
·
I lived in Brazil for two years.
·
Shauna studied Japanese for five
years.
·
They sat at the beach all day.
·
They did not stay at the party the
entire time.
·
We talked on the phone for thirty
minutes.
·
A: How long did you wait for them?
B: We waited
for one hour.
v
USE 4 Habits in the Past
The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit
which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as "used to." To
make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such
as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.
Examples:
·
I studied French when I was a child.
·
He played the violin.
·
He didn't play the piano.
·
Did you play a musical instrument
when you were a kid?
v
USE 5 Past Facts or Generalizations
The Simple Past can also be used to describe past
facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use
of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression "used to."
Examples:
·
She was shy as a child, but now she
is very outgoing.
·
He didn't like tomatoes before.
* Adverb Placement
The examples below show the placement for grammar
adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
·
You just called Debbie.
·
Did you just call Debbie?
* Time signal Simple Past Tense :
Time signal is used to determinane the tenses in a
sentence.
Ø Yesterday
Ø Two years ago
Ø Last time
Ø Three days ago
Ø This morning
Ø Last week
Ø Last year
6. Past Continuous Tense
* Defination
:
Past
continuous tense is event that happened
in the past when other event on going with amore specific time.
* Structure
and Form of Simple Past Tense
§ Form Verbal
Simple Past Tense:
Verbal sentence is a
sentence that has predicat a verb
|
+
|
S + to be (was/were) + Ving + Object
|
|
-
|
S + to be (was/were) + Not + Ving + Object
|
|
?
|
To be (was/ were) + S + Ving + Object
|
·
Example:
|
+
|
He was buying the motorcycle yesterday
|
|
-
|
He was not buying the motorcycle yesterday
|
|
?
|
Was he buying the motorcycle yesterday ?
|
§
Form Nominal Simple Past Tense:
Nominal sentence is
a sentence that has predicate not a verb,but can be an asjective,noun,or
adverb.
|
+
|
S + to be (was/were) + Ving + 3C
|
|
-
|
S + to be (was/were) + Not + Ving + 3C
|
|
?
|
To be (was/ were) + S + Ving + 3C
|
3C :
Object, Adverb ,Adjective
·
Example:
|
+
|
They were busy in the office.
|
|
-
|
They were not busy in the office.
|
|
?
|
Were they busy in the office. ?
|
* Function
Use of Past
Continous Tense :
v
USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Past
Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer
action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter
action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an
interruption in time.
Examples:
·
I was watching TV when she called.
·
When the phone rang, she was writing a
letter.
·
While we were having the picnic, it
started to rain.
·
What were you doing when
the earthquake started?
·
I was listening to my iPod, so I
didn't hear the fire alarm.
·
You were not listening to me when I
told you to turn the oven off.
·
While John was sleeping last night,
someone stole his car.
v
USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption
In USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is
interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past. However, you can also use a
specific time as an interruption.
Examples:
·
Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.
·
At midnight, we were still driving through
the desert.
·
Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at
my desk at work.
v
USE 3 Parallel Actions
When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in
the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were happening at
the same time. The actions are parallel.
Examples:
·
I was studying while he was
making dinner.
·
While Ellen was reading, Tim was
watching television.
·
Were you listening while he was
talking?
·
What were you doing while
you were waiting?
·
Thomas wasn't working, and I wasn't
working either.
v
USE 4 Atmosphere
In English, we often use a series of parallel actions
to describe the atmosphere at a particular time in the past.
Example:
·
When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing,
some were talking on the phones, the boss was yelling directions,
and customers were waiting to be helped. One customer was
yelling at a secretary and waving his hands.
Others were complaining to each other about the bad service.
v
USE 5 Repetition and Irritation with
"Always"
The Past Continuous with words such as
"always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something
irritating or shocking often happened in the past. The concept is very similar
to the expression "used to" but
with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or
"constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."
Examples:
·
She was always coming to class late.
·
He was constantly talking. He annoyed
everyone.
·
I didn't like them because they were always
complaining
* While vs. When
Clauses are groups of words which
have meaning, but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the
word "when" such as "when she called" or "when it bit
me." Other clauses begin with "while" such as "while she
was sleeping" and "while he was surfing." When you talk about
things in the past, "when" is most often followed by the verb tense Simple
Past, whereas "while" is usually followed by Past Continuous.
"While" expresses the idea of "during that time." Study the
examples below. They have similar meanings, but they emphasize different parts
of the sentence.
Examples:
• I
was studying when she called.
• While
I was studying, she called.
* REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs /
Mixed Verbs
It is important to remember that
Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain
non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses.
Instead of using Past Continuous with these verbs, you must use Simple Past.
Examples:
• Jane
was being at my house when you arrived. Not Correct
• Jane
was at my house when you arrived. Correct
* Adverb Placement
The examples below show the placement for grammar
adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
·
You were just studying when she
called.
·
Were you just studying when she
called?
* Time signal Past Continos Tense:
Time signal is used to determinane the tenses in a
sentence.
·
When
·
While
·
All day yesterday
·
As
·
Between
7. Past Perfect
Tense
* Defination
Past Perfect tense is an event which has worked perfecttly in the past.
§
Structur and FORM Past Perfect Tense Form Verbal Past Perfect Tense:
Verbal sentence is a
sentence that has predicat a verb.
|
+
|
S +had
+ V3 +O
|
|
-
|
S + had + not + V3 + O
|
|
?
|
Had + S + V3 + O ?
|
·
Example
|
+
|
They had
gone to school
|
|
-
|
They hadn’t gone to school
|
|
?
|
Had they gone to school ?
|
§
Form Nominal Form Verbal Past Perfect
Tense :
Nominal sentence is a sentence that has
predicate not a verb,but can be an asjective,noun,or adverb.
|
+
|
S + had + been + 3 complement
|
|
-
|
S + had + Not + been + 3 complement
|
|
?
|
Had + S + been
+ 3 complement ?
|
Nb: 3 complement (A N A, Adjective, Noun, Adverb)
·
Example
|
+
|
You had
been late for ten minutes
|
|
-
|
You hadn’t been late for ten
minutes
|
|
?
|
Had you been
late for ten minutes ?
|
* Function
Use of Past
Perfect Tense
v USE 1
Completed Action Before Something in the Past
The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something
occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something
happened before a specific time in the past.
Examples:
·
I had never seen such
a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.
·
I did not have any money because I had lost my
wallet.
·
Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had
visited the city several times.
·
Had Susan ever studied Thai before
she moved to Thailand?
·
She only understood the movie because she had
read the book.
·
Kristine had never been to
an opera before last night.
·
We were not able to get a hotel room because we had
not booked in advance.
·
A: Had you ever visited the
U.S. before your trip in 2006?
B: Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before.
B: Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before.
v
USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Past
(Non-Continuous Verbs)
With Non-Continuous Verbs and
some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the
Past Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until
another action in the past.
Examples:
·
We had had that car for ten years
before it broke down.
·
By the time Alex finished his studies, he had
been in London for over eight years.
·
They felt bad about selling the house because they had
owned it for more than forty years.
Although the above use of Past Perfect is normally limited to
Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words
"live," "work," "teach," and "study"
are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.
* Time signal Past
Perfect Tense :
Time signal is
used to determinane the tenses in a sentence.
·
Just
·
After
·
Until
·
Already
·
As soon as
·
Before
·
Not Yet
* Adverb Placement
The examples below show the placement for grammar
adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
• You
had previously studied English before you moved to New York.
• Had
you previously studied English before you moved to New York?
8. Past Perfect Continuous
* Definition
Past Perfect Continuous is an
activity that has been going on while others are perfectly when the incident
occurred.
* Structur and form Past Perfect Continoous Tense
§ Form
Nominal Form Verbal Past
Perfect Continuous
Tense :
Verbal
sentence is a sentence that has predicat a verb.
|
+
|
S + had
+ Been + Ving + O
|
|
-
|
S + had + not + Ving + O
|
|
?
|
Had + S + been + Ving + O ?
|
·
Example
|
+
|
I had
been working for 5 years
|
|
-
|
I hadn’t been working 5 years
|
|
?
|
Had I been working 5 years
|
§ Form
Nominal Form Verbal Past
Perfect Continuous
Tense :
Nominal sentence is a sentence that has predicate not a verb,but can
be an asjective,noun,or adverb.
|
+
|
S + had + been + being + 3 complement
|
|
-
|
S + had +
Not + been + being+ 3 complement
|
|
?
|
Had + S + been
+ being + 3 complement ?
|
Nb: 3 complement (A N A, Adjective, Noun, Adverb)
·
Example
|
+
|
He had
been being very busy since last week
|
|
-
|
He hadn’t been being very busy since last week
|
|
?
|
Had he been being very busy since last week
|
* Function
Use of Past
Perfect Continous Tense :
v
USE 1 Duration Before Something in the Past
We use the Past Perfect Continuous to show that
something started in the past and continued up until another time in the past.
"For five minutes" and "for two weeks" are both durations
which can be used with the Past Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related
to the Present Perfect
Continuous; however, the duration does not continue until now, it stops before
something else in the past.
Examples:
·
They had been talking for over an
hour before Tony arrived.
·
She had been working at that company
for three years when it went out of business.
·
A: How long had you been
studying Turkish before you moved to Ankara?
B: I had not been studying Turkish very long.
B: I had not been studying Turkish very long.
v
USE 2 Cause of Something in the Past
Using the Past Perfect Continuous before another
action in the past is a good way to show cause and effect.
Examples:
·
Jason was tired because he had been jogging.
·
Sam gained weight because he had been
overeating.
·
Betty failed the final test because she had
not been attending class.
* REMEMBER
Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs
It is important to remember that Non-Continuous
Verbs cannot
be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings
for Mixed Verbs cannot
be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Past Perfect Continuous with
these verbs, you must use Past Perfect.
Examples:
·
The motorcycle had been belonging to
George for years before Tina bought it. Not Correct
·
The motorcycle had belonged to George
for years before Tina bought it. Correct
* Adverb Placement
The examples below show the placement for grammar
adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
·
You had only been waiting there for a
few minutes when she arrived.
·
Had you only been waiting there for a
few minutes when she arrived?
* Time signal Past Continos Tense:
Time
signal is used to determinane the tenses in a sentence
·
Recently
·
All morning
·
All day
·
Lately
·
For...
·
Since..
9.
Simple future tense
* Definition
Simple
Future Tense is an event that will be done in the future in simple form.
* Structur and Form Simple Future
§ Form Nominal Form Verbal Simple Future Tense :
Verbal
sentence is a sentence that has predicat a verb.
|
+
|
S + shall/will
+ invinitive (V1) + O
|
|
-
|
S + shall/will + not + invinitive
(V1) + O
|
|
?
|
Shall/will + s + invinitive
(V1)
+ O
|
·
Example
|
+
|
You will
go to school on foot
|
|
-
|
You won’t go to school on foot
|
|
?
|
Will you go
to school on foot
|
§ Form
Nominal Form Verbal Simple
Future Tense :
Nominal sentence is a sentence that has
predicate not a verb,but can be an asjective,noun,or adverb.
|
+
|
S + shall/will + be + 3 complement
|
|
-
|
S +
shall/will +not + be + 3 complement
|
|
?
|
Shall/will
+ s + be + 3 complement ?
|
Nb: 3 complement (A N A, Adjective, Noun, Adverb)
·
Example
|
+
|
He will
be a doctor
|
|
-
|
He won’t be a doctor
|
|
?
|
Will he be a doctor ?
|
* Fuction
v
USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action
"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do
something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for
someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's
complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that
someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use
"will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do
something.
Examples:
·
I will send you the information when
I get it.
·
I will translate the email, so Mr.
Smith can read it.
·
Will you help me move this heavy
table?
·
Will you make dinner?
·
I will not do your homework for you.
·
I won't do all the housework myself!
·
A : I'm really hungry.
B : I'll make some sandwiches.Promise
v
USE 2 "Will" to Express a
"Will" is usually used in promises.
Examples:
·
I will call you when I arrive.
·
If I am elected President of the United States,
I will make sure everyone has access to inexpensive health
insurance.
·
I promise I will not tell him about
the surprise party.
·
Don't worry, I'll be careful.
·
I won't tell anyone your secret.
v
USE 3 "Be going to" to Express a Plan
"Be going to" expresses that something is a
plan. It expresses the idea that a person intends to do something in the
future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not.
Examples:
·
He is going to spend his vacation in
Hawaii.
·
She is not going to spend her
vacation in Hawaii.
·
A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?
B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.
·
I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.
·
Michelle is going to begin medical
school next year.
·
They are going to drive all the way
to Alaska.
·
Who are you going to invite to
the party?
·
A: Who is going to make John's birthday cake?
B: Sue is going to make John's birthday
cake.
v
USE 4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to
Express a Prediction
Both "will" and "be going to" can
express the idea of a general prediction about the future. Predictions are
guesses about what might happen in the future. In "prediction"
sentences, the subject usually has little control over the future and therefore
USES 1-3 do not apply. In the following examples, there is no difference in
meaning.
Examples:
·
The year 2222 will be a very
interesting year.
·
The year 2222 is going to be a very
interesting year.
·
John Smith will be the next
President.
·
John Smith is going to be the next
President.
·
The movie "Zenith" will win several
Academy Awards.
·
The movie "Zenith" is going to win several
Academy Awards.
* Important
In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which USE
the speaker has in mind. Often, there is more than one way to interpret a
sentence's meaning.
Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be
used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before,
after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Simple
Future, Simple Present is
used.
Examples:
·
When you will arrive tonight, we will
go out for dinner. Not Correct
·
When you arrive tonight, we will go
out for dinner. Correct
* Adverb Placement
The examples below show the placement for grammar
adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
·
You will never help him.
·
Will you ever help him?
·
You are never going to meet Jane.
·
Are you ever going to meet Jane?
* Time signal Simple future Tense
Time signal is used to determinane the tenses in a sentence
·
Recently
·
All morning
·
All day
·
Lately
·
For...
·
Since...
10.
Future Continuous Tense
* Definition
Future
Continuous Tense is a event will be
taking place or will be occur in the future.
* Structur and Form Future Continuous
Tense
§ Form Nominal FormVerbal Future Continuous Tense :
Verbal
sentence is a sentence that has predicat a verb.
|
+
|
S + shall/will
+ be + Verb ing + O
|
|
-
|
S + shall/will + not + be + Verb ing + O
|
|
?
|
Shall/will + S + be + Verb
ing + O
|
·
Example
|
+
|
You will
be playing tennis next week
|
|
-
|
You won’t be playing tennis next
week
|
|
?
|
Will you be playing tennis next week ?
|
·
Note:
function of Verb ing is verb that express on going proces
§ Form
Nominal Form Verbal Future
Continuous Tense :
Nominal sentence is a sentence that has
predicate not a verb,but can be an asjective,noun,or adverb.
|
+
|
S + shall/will + be + being + 3 complement
|
|
-
|
S +
shall/will +not + be + being + complement
|
|
?
|
Shall/will
+ s + be + being + 3 complement ?
|
Nb: 3 complement (A N A, Adjective, Noun, Adverb)
·
Example
|
+
|
He will
be being care with me
|
|
-
|
He won’t be care with me
|
|
?
|
Will he be care with me ?
|
* Function
v
USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Future
Use the Future Continuous to indicate that a longer
action in the future will be interrupted by a shorter action in the future.
Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.
Examples:
·
I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight.
·
I will be waiting for you when your
bus arrives.
·
I am going to be staying at the
Madison Hotel, if anything happens and you need to
contact me.
·
He will be studying at the library
tonight, so he will not see Jennifer when she arrives.
Notice in the examples above that the interruptions (marked
in italics) are in Simple Present rather
than Simple Future. This is
because the interruptions are in time clauses, and you
cannot use future tenses in time clauses.
v
USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption in the Future
In USE 1, described above, the Future Continuous is
interrupted by a short action in the future. In addition to using short actions
as interruptions, you can also use a specific time as an interruption.
Examples:
·
Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to be eating dinner.
I WILL BE IN
THE PROCESS OF EATING DINNER.
·
At midnight tonight, we will still be driving through
the desert.
WE WILL BE
IN THE PROCESS OF DRIVING THROUGH THE DESERT.
* Remember
In the Simple Future, a specific time is used to show the time an action
will begin or end. In the Future Continuous, a specific time interrupts the
action.
Examples:
•Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to eat dinner.
I AM GOING TO START EATING AT 6 PM.
•Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to be eating dinner.
I AM GOING TO START EARLIER AND I WILL BE IN THE PROCESS OF EATING DINNER
AT 6 PM.
v
USE 3 Parallel Actions in the Future
When you use the Future Continuous with two actions in
the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions will be happening at
the same time. The actions are parallel.
Examples:
·
I am going to be studying and
he is going to be making dinner.
·
Tonight, they will be eating dinner, discussing their
plans, and having a good time.
·
While Ellen is reading, Tim will be watching
television.
OTICE
"IS READING" BECAUSE OF THE TIME CLAUSE CONTAINING "WHILE."
(SEE EXPLANATION BELOW)
v
USE 4 Atmosphere in the Future
In English, we often use a series of Parallel Actions
to describe atmosphere at a specific point in the future.
Example:
·
When I arrive at the party, everybody is going
to be celebrating. Some will be dancing. Others are
going to be talking. A few people will be eating pizza, and
several people are going to be drinking beer. They always do
the same thing.
Like all future tenses, the Future Continuous cannot
be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while,
before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Future
Continuous, Present Continuous is
used.
Examples:
·
While I am going to be finishing my
homework, she is going to make dinner. Not Correct
·
While I am finishing my homework, she
is going to make dinner. Correct
* AND
REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs
It is important to remember that Non-Continuous
Verbs cannot
be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings
for Mixed Verbs cannot
be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Future Continuous with these
verbs, you must use Simple Future.
Examples:
·
Jane will be being at my house when
you arrive. Not Correct
·
Jane will be at my house when you
arrive. Correct
* Adverb Placement
The examples below show the placement for grammar
adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
·
You will still be waiting for her
when her plane arrives.
·
Will you still be waiting for her
when her plane arrives?
·
You are still going to be waiting for
her when her plane arrives.
·
Are you still going to be waiting for
her when her plane arrives?
* Time signal Future
Continuous Tense
Time signal is used to determinane the tenses in a sentence
·
When
·
If
·
While
·
At this time tomorrow
·
At the same time next
week
11.
FUTURE
PERFECT TENSE
* Ddfinition
Future Perfect Tense is an activity that will be completed sometime in
the future. Usually this action will be
completed before something else happens or by certain time in the future.
* The structure of the future perfect tense is
|
subject
|
+
|
auxiliary verb WILL
|
+
|
auxiliary verb HAVE
|
+
|
main verb
|
|
Invariable
|
invariable
|
past participle
|
||||
|
Will
|
Have
|
V3
|
||||
Look at these example sentences in the future perfect
tense:
|
|
subject
|
auxiliary verb
|
auxiliary verb
|
main verb
|
|
|
|
+
|
I
|
Will
|
|
Have
|
finished
|
by 10am.
|
|
+
|
You
|
Will
|
|
Have
|
forgotten
|
me by then.
|
|
-
|
She
|
Will
|
not
|
Have
|
gone
|
to school.
|
|
-
|
We
|
Will
|
not
|
Have
|
left.
|
|
|
?
|
Will
|
You
|
|
Have
|
arrived?
|
|
|
?
|
Will
|
They
|
|
Have
|
received
|
it?
|
In speaking with the future perfect tense, we often
contract the subject and will. Sometimes, we contract the subject,
will and have all together .
|
I will have
|
I'll have
|
I'll've
|
|
you will have
|
you'll have
|
you'll've
|
|
he will have
she will have it will have |
he'll have
she'll have it'll have |
he'll've
she'll've it'll've |
|
we will have
|
we'll have
|
we'll've
|
§ Verbal
Sentence
Verbal sentence is a sentence that has predicate a verb.
|
+
|
Subject + WILL / SHALL +
Have + Verb 3 + Object
|
|
-
|
Subject + WILL
/ SHALL + NOT + HAVE + Verb 3 +
Object
|
|
?
|
WILL / SHALL +
Subject + HAVE + Verb 3 +
Object ?
|
|
-?
|
Won’t/Shan’t+ Subject + HAVE + Verb
3 + Object ?
|
We sometimes use shall
instead of will, especially for I and we.
Example:
|
+
|
We will have decided our decision by the end of this week
|
|
-
|
We will not have decided our decision by the end of this week
|
|
?
|
Will we have decided our decision by the end of this week ?
Answer: Yes I will, atau No, I
will not (won't)
Shall we
have decided our decision by the end
of this week ?
Answer: Yes he shall, atau No, he shall not
|
|
?
|
Won’t we have decided our decision by the end of this week?
|
Because the future so there are
auxiliry will and the auxiliary verb have the first as follow will. Funtion
Auxiliary will here to declare a
event that will take place and had the meaning akan. As the auxiliary have had the meaning is sudah. Because of the
perfect so use verb3. funtion of v3 shelf is to show activity already
done. Verb3 can use regular verb or irreguler verb.
•
Example
regular verb (kata kerja beraturan)
|
V1
|
V2
|
V3
|
|
Cook
|
Cooked
|
cooked
|
|
Help
|
helped
|
helped
|
|
Dry
|
dried
|
dried
|
|
Jump
|
jumped
|
jumped
|
v Example irregular verb (kata kerja tak beraturan)
|
V1
|
V2
|
V3
|
|
Arise
|
arose
|
Arisen
|
|
Beat
|
beat
|
Beaten
|
|
Begin
|
began
|
Begun
|
|
Drink
|
drank
|
Drunk
|
§ Nominal
Sentence
Nominal sentence is
a sentence that has predicate not a verb, but can be an adjective,noun,or
adverb.
|
+
|
Subject + WILL / SHALL +
HAVE + Been +ANA (adjective,noun,adverb)
|
|
-
|
Subject + WILL
/ SHALL + NOT + HAVE + Been + ANA (adjective,noun,adverb)
|
|
?
|
WILL / SHALL +
Subject + HAVE + Been + ANA (adjective,noun,adverb) ?
|
|
?
|
Won’t/Shan’t+ Subject + be + ANA (adjective,noun,adverb) ?
|
Example:
|
+
|
We will have been Doctor by end of this year
|
|
-
|
We will not have been Doctor by end of this year
|
|
?
|
Will we have been Doctor by end of
this year?
answer: Yes I will, or
No, I will not (won't)
Shall we have been Doctor by end of this year?
Answer: Yes he shall, or
No, he shall not
|
|
-?
|
Won’t we have been Doctor by end of
this year?
|
Because in the
nominal sentence no verb so that there are additional have been. been shelf has the function is to express
some event that certainly will be finished.
* How do we use the Future Perfect Tense
The future perfect tense expresses action in the
future before another action in the future. This is the past in the
future. For example:
- The train will leave the station at 9am. You will arrive at the station at 9.15am. When you arrive, the train will have left.
Look at some more examples:
- You can call me at work at 8am. I will have arrived at the office by 8.
- They will be tired when they arrive. They will not have slept for a long time.
- "Mary won't be at home when you
arrive."
"Really? Where will she have gone?"
*
FUNCTION
Complite List of future Perfect Forms
v Use 1 Clompleted ActionBefore Something in the Future.
The Future Perfect
expreses the idea that something ,will occur before another action in the
future. It can also show that something wil happen before a spicific time in
the future.
Example:
·
By next November, I
will have received my promotion.
- By the time he gets home,she is going to have cleaned the entire house.
- I am not going to have finishedthis test by 3 o’’clock.
- Will she have learned enough Chinese to communicate before she moves to Beijing?
- Sam is probably going to have completed the proposal by the time he leaves this afternoon.
- By the time I finish this course, I will have taken ten tests..
- How many countries are your going to have visited by the time you turn 50?
- Notice in the example above that the reference points (marked in italics)are in Simple Present ather than Simple future.This is because the interruptions are in time clauses,and yuo cannot use future tenses in time clauses.
v USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Future (Non
–Continous Verbs)
With Non-Continous
Vrbs and some non-continous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the future Perfect to
show that something will continous up until another action in the future.
Example:
- I will have beeen in London for six months by the time I leave.
- I by Monday, Susan is going to have had my had my book for a week.
·
I Although the above
use of Future Perfect is normally limited toNon-Continous Verbs and –continous
uses of Mixed Verbs,the words”live”,”work”,’”teach”, and are sometimes used in
this way even though they are NOT Non-Continous Verbs.,
* REMEMBER NO FUTURE in Time Clauses
Like all futur form,
the Future Perfect cannot be used in clauses biginning with time
expressions such as: when,while,before,after,by the time,as soon as, if,
unless, etc. Instead of Future perfect, Present Perfect is used.
Example:
·
I am going to see a
movie when I will have finished my
homework. No Correct
·
I am going to see a
movie when I have finished my
homework.Correct
* ADVERB
PLACEMENT
The example below
show the placement for grammar for grammar adverb such as: always,
only,never,ever, still, just, etc.
Example:
·
You will only have learned a few words.
·
Will you only have learned a few words ?
·
You are only going to have learned a few words.
·
Are you only going to have learned a few words
?
* Time signal future
perfect tense
Time
signal is used to determine the tenses in a sentence.
·
By the end of the year
·
By the end of July
·
By the next week
·
By the time of this
year
·
By this weekend
12.
Future Perfect Continuous Tense
* Definition
Future Perfect Tense
is an activity that will be completed
sometime in the future, but there is a
possibility that action will be continued in future.
* FORM
Future Perfect Continuous
§ Form Nominal Form Verbal Future Perfect Continuous Tense :
Verbal
sentence is a sentence that has predicat a verb.
|
+
|
S + shall/will
+ have + been + Verb ing + O
|
|
-
|
S + shall/will + not + have
+ been + Verb ing + O
|
|
?
|
Shall/will + S + have + been + Verb
ing + O
|
·
Example
|
+
|
She will
have been reading this novel for 2 hours by noon
|
|
-
|
She won’t have been reading this novel for 2 hours by noon
|
|
?
|
Will she have been reading this novel for 2 hours by noon
|
·
Note:
function of Verb ing is verb that express on going proces
§ Form
Nominal Form Verbal Future
Continuous Tense :
Nominal sentence is a sentence that has
predicate not a verb,but can be an asjective,noun,or adverb.
|
+
|
S + shall/will + have + been + being + 3
complement
|
|
-
|
S +
shall/will +not + have + been + being + complement
|
|
?
|
Shall/will
+ S + have + been + being + 3 complement ?
|
Nb: 3 complement (A N A, Adjective, Noun, Adverb)
·
Example
|
+
|
He will
have been being late
|
|
-
|
He won’t
have been being late
|
|
?
|
Will he have been being late ?
|
* Function
v
USE 1 Duration Before Something in the Future
We use the Future Perfect Continuous to show that
something will continue up until a particular event or time in the future.
"For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since
Friday" are all durations which can be used with the Future Perfect
Continuous. Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect
Continuous and the Past Perfect
Continuous; however, with Future Perfect Continuous, the duration stops at or before
a reference point in the future.
Examples:
·
They will have been talking for over
an hour by the time Thomas arrives.
·
She is going to have been working at
that company for three years when it finally closes.
·
James will have been teaching at the
university for more than a year by the time he leaves for
Asia.
·
How long will you have been
studying when you graduate?
·
We are going to have been driving for
over three days straight when we get to Anchorage.
·
A: When you finish your English
course, will you have been living in New
Zealand for over a year?
B: No, I will not have been living here that long.
B: No, I will not have been living here that long.
Notice in the examples above that the reference points
(marked in italics) are in Simple Present rather
than Simple Future. This is
because these future events are intime clauses, and you
cannot use future tenses in time clauses.
v
USE 2 Cause of Something in the Future
Using the Future Perfect Continuous before another
action in the future is a good way to show cause and effect.
Examples:
·
Jason will be tired when he gets home because he will
have been jogging for over an hour.
·
Claudia's English will be perfect when she returns to
Germany because she is going to have been studying English in
the United States for over two years.
* Future
Continuous vs. Future Perfect Continuous
If you do not include a duration such as "for
five minutes," "for two weeks" or "since Friday," many
English speakers choose to use the Future Continuous rather than the Future
Perfect Continuous. Be careful because this can change the meaning of the
sentence. Future Continuous emphasizes interrupted actions, whereas Future
Perfect Continuous emphasizes a duration of time before something in the
future. Study the examples below to understand the difference.
Examples:
·
He will be tired because he will be exercising so
hard.
This sentence emphasizes that he will be tired because he will be exercising at that exact moment in the future.
This sentence emphasizes that he will be tired because he will be exercising at that exact moment in the future.
·
He will be tired because he will have been
exercising so hard.
This sentence emphasizes that he will be tired because he will have been exercising for a period of time. It is possible that he will still be exercising at that moment OR that he will just have finished.
This sentence emphasizes that he will be tired because he will have been exercising for a period of time. It is possible that he will still be exercising at that moment OR that he will just have finished.
* REMEMBER
No Future in Time Clauses
Like all future forms, the Future Perfect Continuous
cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while,
before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Future
Perfect Continuous, Present Perfect
Continuous is used.
Examples:
·
You won't get a promotion until you will have
been working here as long as Tim. Not Correct
·
You won't get a promotion until you have been
working here as long as Tim. Correct
* AND
REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs
It is important to remember that Non-Continuous
Verbs cannot
be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings
for Mixed Verbs cannot
be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Future Perfect Continuous with
these verbs, you must use Future
Perfect .
Examples:
·
Ned will have been having his
driver's license for over two years. Not Correct
·
Ned will have had his driver's
license for over two years. Correct
* Adverb Placement
The examples below show the placement for grammar
adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
·
You will only have been waiting for a
few minutes when her plane arrives.
·
Will you only have been waiting for a
few minutes when her plane arrives?
·
You are only going to have been
waiting for a few minutes when her plane arrives.
·
Are you only going to have been
waiting for a few minutes when her plane arrives?
* Time signal future
perfect tense
Time signal is used to determine the tenses
in a sentence.
·
By the end of
·
By the end of this week
·
By the end of this
month
·
By the time of this
year
·
By the end 1995
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